Raj Kiran's: RAC configuration requirements

There are many online documents describing RAC Configuration requirements and this post is no way different. As I have started working on RAC, I am making a note for myself in case I need to refresh and hence is this posting.

In Oracle Database, ORACLE_SID, DB_NAME, and DB_UNIQUE_NAME are important identifiers, but they serve different purposes. Here's a detailed explanation of each:

1. `ORACLE_SID` (Oracle System Identifier)

Definition:
- ORACLE_SID is a unique identifier for an Oracle database instance on a specific server.
- It is used to distinguish between multiple Oracle instances running on the same server.
Purpose:
- It helps the Oracle software identify which instance to connect to or manage.
- It is used in environment variables, configuration files, and commands.
Scope:
- Local to the server where the instance is running.
Example:
- If you have two databases on the same server, you might have ORACLE_SID=PROD1 and ORACLE_SID=PROD2.
Where It Is Used:
- In the ORACLE_HOME environment variable.
- In the oratab file (/etc/oratab or /var/opt/oracle/oratab).
- In commands like sqlplus / as sysdba.

2. `DB_NAME` (Database Name)

Definition:
- DB_NAME is the name of the database, as defined during its creation.
- It is a logical identifier for the database and is stored in the control file and data dictionary.
Purpose:
- It uniquely identifies the database within the Oracle environment.
- It is used in the CREATE DATABASE statement and is critical for database operations.
Scope:
- Global across the entire database, including all instances in a RAC (Real Application Clusters) environment.
Example:
- If you create a database named PROD, its DB_NAME will be PROD.
Where It Is Used:
- In the CREATE DATABASE statement.
- In the DB_NAME parameter in the init.ora or spfile.
- In the control file and data dictionary.

3. `DB_UNIQUE_NAME` (Database Unique Name)

Definition:
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME is a unique identifier for a database in a distributed environment, such as Oracle Data Guard or Oracle RAC.
- It is used to distinguish between primary and standby databases or between multiple databases in a replication setup.
Purpose:
- It ensures that each database in a distributed environment has a unique name, even if they share the same DB_NAME.
- It is critical for Oracle Data Guard configurations.
Scope:
- Global across the entire distributed environment.
Example:
- In a Data Guard setup, the primary database might have DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_PRI, and the standby database might have DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_STBY.
Where It Is Used:
- In the DB_UNIQUE_NAME parameter in the init.ora or spfile.
- In Oracle Data Guard configurations.
- In the alert.log and other diagnostic files.

Key Differences

Aspect	`ORACLE_SID`	`DB_NAME`	`DB_UNIQUE_NAME`
Definition	Identifier for an instance on a server.	Logical name of the database.	Unique name for a database in a distributed environment.
Scope	Local to the server.	Global to the database.	Global across distributed environments.
Purpose	Identifies the instance.	Identifies the database.	Distinguishes databases in replication or Data Guard setups.
Example	`ORACLE_SID=PROD1`	`DB_NAME=PROD`	`DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_PRI` (primary), `DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_STBY` (standby)
Used In	Environment variables, `oratab`, commands.	`CREATE DATABASE`, control file, `spfile`.	Data Guard, replication setups, `spfile`.

Example Scenario

Single-Instance Database

ORACLE_SID=PROD1
DB_NAME=PROD
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD (optional, defaults to DB_NAME if not specified)

Oracle Data Guard Setup

Primary Database:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD1
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_PRI
Standby Database:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD2
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_STBY

Oracle RAC Setup

Instance 1:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD1
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD (same for all instances in the cluster)
Instance 2:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD2
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD (same for all instances in the cluster)

How to Check These Values

ORACLE_SID:
- Check the environment variable:
  bash
  Copy
```
echo $ORACLE_SID
```
- Check the oratab file:
  bash
  Copy
```
cat /etc/oratab
```
DB_NAME:
- Query the database:
  sql
  Copy
```
SELECT name FROM v$database;
```

DB_UNIQUE_NAME:

Query the database:

SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'db_unique_name';

Summary

ORACLE_SID: Identifies the instance on a server.
DB_NAME: Identifies the database logically.
DB_UNIQUE_NAME: Uniquely identifies the database in distributed environments like Data Guard.

No, it is not true that ORACLE_SID equals DB_NAME equals DB_UNIQUE_NAME. While these identifiers can sometimes have the same value in simple setups, they serve different purposes and are often distinct in more complex environments. Let me clarify this further:

When Can They Be Equal?

In a single-instance, non-distributed database with no replication or Data Guard setup:

ORACLE_SID (instance identifier) might match DB_NAME (database name).
DB_UNIQUE_NAME might not be explicitly set, so it defaults to DB_NAME.

For example:

ORACLE_SID=PROD
DB_NAME=PROD
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD (defaults to DB_NAME if not explicitly set)

When Are They Different?

In more complex environments, such as Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters), Data Guard, or replication setups, these values are often different to avoid conflicts and ensure uniqueness.

Example 1: Oracle RAC

In an Oracle RAC environment:

ORACLE_SID is unique for each instance in the cluster.
DB_NAME is the same for all instances in the cluster.
DB_UNIQUE_NAME is the same for all instances in the cluster (unless explicitly configured otherwise).

Example:

Instance 1:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD1
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD
Instance 2:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD2
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD

Example 2: Oracle Data Guard

In a Data Guard setup:

ORACLE_SID is unique for each instance (primary and standby).
DB_NAME is the same for both primary and standby databases.
DB_UNIQUE_NAME is unique for each database to distinguish between primary and standby.

Example:

Primary Database:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD_PRI1
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_PRI
Standby Database:
- ORACLE_SID=PROD_STBY1
- DB_NAME=PROD
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD_STBY

Example 3: Multiple Databases on the Same Server

If you have multiple databases on the same server:

ORACLE_SID is unique for each instance.
DB_NAME is unique for each database.
DB_UNIQUE_NAME is unique for each database (if explicitly set).

Example:

Database 1:
- ORACLE_SID=DB1
- DB_NAME=DB1
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=DB1
Database 2:
- ORACLE_SID=DB2
- DB_NAME=DB2
- DB_UNIQUE_NAME=DB2

Key Differences

Identifier	Purpose	Scope	Example Values
`ORACLE_SID`	Identifies the instance on a server.	Local to the server.	`PROD1`, `PROD2`, `DB1`, `DB2`
`DB_NAME`	Logical name of the database.	Global to the database.	`PROD`, `DB1`, `DB2`
`DB_UNIQUE_NAME`	Unique name for the database in distributed environments (e.g., Data Guard).	Global across distributed environments.	`PROD_PRI`, `PROD_STBY`, `DB1_UNIQ`

How to Check These Values

ORACLE_SID:
- Check the environment variable:
  bash
  Copy
```
echo $ORACLE_SID
```
- Check the oratab file:
  bash
  Copy
```
cat /etc/oratab
```
DB_NAME:
- Query the database:
  sql
  Copy
```
SELECT name FROM v$database;
```

DB_UNIQUE_NAME:

Query the database:

SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'db_unique_name';

Summary

ORACLE_SID, DB_NAME, and DB_UNIQUE_NAME are not always equal.
They can be equal in simple, single-instance setups but are often different in complex environments like Oracle RAC or Data Guard.
Each identifier serves a distinct purpose and is used in different contexts.

Let me know if you need further clarification!

#!/bin/ksh

# Set the Oracle environment variables (customize these as needed)
export ORACLE_HOME=/path/to/oracle_home
export ORACLE_SID=your_oracle_sid
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH

# Define Oracle username and password (preferably use secure method for credentials)
USER="your_username"
PASSWORD="your_password"

# Run SQL commands via sqlplus
sqlplus -s $USER/$PASSWORD@$ORACLE_SID <<EOF
-- Grant EXECUTE permissions on the specified DBMS packages to PUBLIC
GRANT EXECUTE ON SYS.DBMS_RANDOM TO PUBLIC;
GRANT EXECUTE ON SYS.DBMS_UTILITY TO PUBLIC;
GRANT EXECUTE ON SYS.DBMS_JOB TO PUBLIC;

-- Exit SQL*Plus
EXIT;
EOF

echo "Grants executed successfully!"

Creating an effective questionnaire for developers requires clarity, logical grouping of questions, and a visually appealing layout to ensure the information is easy to fill out and review. Below is a template that is structured, professional, and comprehensive. This template is designed to be used in a Microsoft Word or Excel document for easy distribution and filling out.

Database and Application Information Questionnaire[Project Name / Application Name]

Prepared by: [Your Name]
Date: [Date]
Version: [Version Number]

1. Data Volume and Growth

Question	Response	Comments
What is the yearly volume of data?	[Enter data size in MB/GB/TB]
What is the expected yearly growth rate of data?	[Enter percentage, e.g., 20%]
Please provide monthly projections for data volume growth.		(Table: Month

2. Data Access Patterns

Question	Response	Comments
What is the daily access pattern (CRUD operations)?
- Read Operations	[Enter daily count]
- Insert Operations	[Enter daily count]
- Update Operations	[Enter daily count]
- Delete Operations	[Enter daily count]
What is the peak concurrency factor (99th percentile) for CRUD operations?		Define peak for each operation type.
- Peak Read Concurrency	[Enter count]
- Peak Insert Concurrency	[Enter count]
- Peak Update Concurrency	[Enter count]
- Peak Delete Concurrency	[Enter count]
What is the workload type for this application?	[Real-time / Batch]

3. Data Retention and Archiving

Question	Response	Comments
What is the data retention period for the application data?	[Enter number of years or specific period]
Will data be archived after the retention period?	[Yes / No]
- If Yes, how will data be archived?	[e.g., to external system, compressed, etc.]
What is the size of archived data per year?	[Enter GB/TB]

4. Response Time and Performance

Question	Response	Comments
What is the expected average response time for database queries?	[Enter target time in seconds, e.g., 1 sec]
Are there any performance SLAs?	[Yes / No]	Define SLAs (e.g., query response time during peak load)

5. Query and Data Access

Question	Response	Comments
How far back in time are queries expected to go?	[Enter time frame, e.g., last 3 months, 1 year]
Does this differ by query type (e.g., operational vs. reporting)?	[Yes / No]	Specify differences if applicable
What is the expected data retrieval frequency for the last N months/years of data?	[e.g., last 3 months, frequently accessed]

6. Data Migration and Integration

Question	Response	Comments
Are there plans to migrate data from an existing data store to this new database?	[Yes / No]
What is the total size of data to be migrated?	[Enter size in GB/TB]
Will data need to be synchronized during migration?	[Yes / No]	Specify type of synchronization (e.g., delta, real-time)

7. Database Transactions and Load

Question	Response	Comments
What is the average number of read requests per day?	[Enter number]
- Average read requests per second	[Enter number]
What is the average number of write requests per day?	[Enter number]
- Average write requests per second	[Enter number]
What is the peak number of read requests per day?	[Enter peak load number]
- Peak read requests per second	[Enter number]
What is the peak number of write requests per day?	[Enter peak load number]
- Peak write requests per second	[Enter number]

8. Current Technology and Architecture

Question	Response	Comments
What is the current data store technology and version?	[Enter DB type and version, e.g., MySQL 5.7]
What is the overall technology stack for the application?	[Enter DB platform, application framework, etc.]
How many application instances will connect to the Oracle database?	[Enter number of instances]

9. Application Criticality and Availability

Question	Response	Comments
What is the impact on end users if the application is unavailable?	[Enter details]
Is this a Tier-1 application?	[Yes / No]	Define criticality and uptime requirements
What is the expected uptime SLA for this application?	[Enter percentage, e.g., 99.9%]

10. Security and Compliance

Question	Response	Comments
Please provide the data classification details (e.g., sensitive, confidential, public)?	[Enter classification]
Are there any encryption requirements for data at rest or in transit?	[Yes / No]	Specify requirements (e.g., TDE, SSL/TLS)
Are there any non-English characters stored in the database?	[Yes / No]	E.g., multi-lingual or special characters

11. Future Growth and Scalability

Question	Response	Comments
What is the anticipated growth in users or transactions in the next 1-3 years?	[Enter details]
What are the scalability plans for the application?	[Horizontal / Vertical scaling]	Specify plans for scaling

Additional Considerations

Database Failover and High Availability:

Question	Response	Comments
Are there any high availability (HA) or disaster recovery (DR) requirements?	[Yes / No]	Specify requirements (e.g., Oracle RAC, Data Guard)

Backup and Recovery Requirements:

Question	Response	Comments
What are the backup window and recovery objectives (e.g., RTO, RPO)?	[Enter details]

Compliance and Auditing:

Question	Response	Comments
Are there any auditing requirements for compliance purposes?	[Yes / No]	Specify (e.g., user access logs, query auditing)

Instructions for Completion:

Please fill in all applicable fields.
Provide additional comments if necessary.
If any question is not relevant, mark it as “N/A.”
For data-related questions, provide estimations or ranges where possible.

Capacity planning questionnaire

1. Data Volume and Growth
What is the yearly volume of data?
- Provide the volume in terms of MB/GB/TB per year.
What is the expected yearly growth rate of data?
- Provide percentage growth (e.g., 20% per year).
Please provide this information in a tabular format for monthly projections.

2. Data Access Patterns

What is the daily access pattern (CRUD operations)?
- Provide the details in terms of:
  - Read Operations
  - Insert Operations
  - Update Operations
  - Delete Operations
- Please provide counts for each operation type on a daily basis.
What is the peak concurrency factor (99th percentile) for CRUD operations?
- Define the peak number of concurrent transactions for each operation (e.g., peak inserts, updates, reads, deletes).
What is the workload type for this application?
- Real-time or Batch processing?

3. Data Retention and Archiving

What is the data retention period for the application data?
- How long will the data be retained in the database (e.g., 1 year, 5 years, permanent)?
Will data be archived after the retention period?
- If so, how will data be archived (e.g., to an external system, compressed, etc.)?
What is the size of the archived data per year (in GB/TB)?

4. Response Time and Performance

What is the expected average response time for database queries?
- Provide the target response time for typical queries (e.g., 1 second, 2 seconds).
Are there any performance SLAs?
- For example, query response time under peak load or during business-critical hours.

5. Query and Data Access

How far back in time are queries expected to go?
- Most queries retrieve data for how many months, days, or years?
- Does this differ by type of query (e.g., operational vs. reporting queries)?
What is the expected data retrieval frequency for the last N months/years of data?
- E.g., queries frequently access data from the last 3 months, or 1 year.

6. Data Migration and Integration

Are there any plans to migrate data from an existing data store to this new Oracle database?
- If yes, please provide volumetric details for the data migration.
What is the total size of data to be migrated?
- Please provide data size details in GB or TB, including any associated metadata.
Will data need to be synchronized during the migration (e.g., delta migration, real-time synchronization)?

7. Database Transactions and Load

What is the average number of read requests per day?
- Also, provide the average read requests per second.
What is the average number of write requests per day?
- Also, provide the average write requests per second.
What is the peak number of read requests per day (peak load)?
- Also, provide the peak read requests per second during high usage times.
What is the peak number of write requests per day (peak load)?
- Also, provide the peak write requests per second during high usage times.

8. Current Technology and Architecture

What is the current data store technology and version?
- Provide details of the existing database (e.g., MySQL, MSSQL, etc.).
What is the overall technology stack for the application?
- Database platform, application framework, middleware, etc.
How many application instances will connect to the Oracle database?
- This includes web servers, app servers, batch processes, etc.

9. Application Criticality and Availability

What is the impact on end users if the application is unavailable?
- Does the application impact business operations, customer experience, etc.?
Is this a Tier-1 application?
- Define if the application is business-critical (e.g., 24/7 uptime requirement, high availability).
What is the expected uptime SLA for this application?
- E.g., 99.9%, 99.99% uptime.

10. Security and Compliance

Please provide the data classification details (e.g., sensitive, confidential, public).
- Does the application handle sensitive information (e.g., PII, PCI, HIPAA)?
Are there any encryption requirements for data at rest or in transit?
- For example, TDE (Transparent Data Encryption) or SSL/TLS encryption.
Are there any non-english characters stored in the database?
- E.g., multi-lingual data storage, special characters, or non-ASCII text.

11. Future Growth and Scalability

What is the anticipated growth in users or transactions in the next 1-3 years?
- What is the expected user base or transaction volume increase?
What are the scalability plans for the application?
- Will the application scale horizontally (e.g., adding more app servers, Oracle RAC) or vertically (e.g., larger instance size, more CPU/RAM)?

Additional Considerations

Database Failover and High Availability:
- Are there any high availability (HA) or disaster recovery (DR) requirements, such as Oracle RAC, Data Guard, or backup solutions?
Backup and Recovery Requirements:
- What are the backup window and recovery objectives (e.g., RTO, RPO)?
Compliance and Auditing:
- Are there any auditing requirements (e.g., user access logs, query auditing) for compliance purposes?
== App
1. Application Overview
What is this application about?
- Description: Provide a brief overview of the application, its purpose, and the business function it supports.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "This application is a customer relationship management (CRM) system for tracking interactions and sales data across multiple customer channels. It integrates with multiple external data sources, performs real-time analytics, and generates personalized reports for sales teams."

2. Transaction Types and Characteristics

What type of transactions does the application handle?
- Description: Provide a detailed description of the types of transactions (e.g., financial, e-commerce, real-time data processing, batch processing) handled by the application.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "The application processes transactions related to customer order placements, payment processing, inventory updates, and order shipment tracking. It also generates daily summary reports for management. Transactions are both real-time and batch-oriented, with some overnight data aggregation tasks."

3. Limiting Impact on EXADATA

How will the application limit its impact on the EXADATA environment?
- Description: Provide the strategies in place to minimize resource consumption, such as optimizing queries, load balancing, or using features like Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC), database partitioning, or other performance-enhancing technologies.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "The application will implement connection pooling to reduce the number of direct connections to EXADATA, ensuring that the database handles fewer, more efficient connections. Additionally, SQL queries will be optimized for performance, with indexing on critical tables and partitioning of large datasets (e.g., sales data). We will also use Oracle RAC to distribute load evenly across multiple nodes."

4. Use of Connection Pooling

Are you going to use connection pooling?
- Description: Specify if connection pooling will be implemented and how it will be managed (e.g., using an external connection pool, built-in Oracle connection pooling, etc.).
- Expected Output Sample:
  "Yes, connection pooling will be implemented using Oracle's built-in connection pool (Universal Connection Pool - UCP) to ensure efficient management of database connections. This approach will reduce connection overhead and minimize resource contention on the EXADATA system. Additionally, we will configure pool sizes based on expected peak load times."

5. Determination of Capacity

How did you determine the capacity requirements (CPU, RAM, and storage)?
- Description: Explain the process and methodology used to estimate the required resources for CPU, RAM, and storage. Were any load tests or benchmarks conducted? Were historical data or application profiling used?
- Expected Output Sample:
  "The capacity requirements were determined based on the expected transaction volume and performance SLAs. We conducted load testing with the application’s expected user load and transaction rates to simulate peak loads. CPU and RAM requirements were derived based on historical performance data from the legacy system, while storage requirements were estimated based on expected data growth (e.g., 5GB/day). We also accounted for a 20% buffer for future growth and overhead."

6. CPU, RAM, and Storage Requirements Sources

Where did the CPU, RAM, and storage requirements come from?
- Description: Provide a detailed explanation of where the specific requirements for CPU, RAM, and storage were sourced from (e.g., application profiling, performance monitoring, vendor recommendations, testing results).
- Expected Output Sample:
  "CPU and RAM requirements were derived from performance benchmarks and simulations using test workloads based on historical data from the existing system. For storage, the calculation was based on an estimated data growth rate of 5GB/day, plus an additional 10TB for transactional logs and backups over the next three years. The storage requirements were validated by consulting with Oracle support for best practices and reviewing similar deployment scenarios."

7. Peak Resource Usage

What are the expected peak CPU, RAM, and storage usage values?
- Description: Provide peak values for CPU, RAM, and storage, particularly during high usage periods (e.g., end of month, high traffic periods, heavy reporting times).
- Expected Output Sample:
  "Peak CPU usage is expected to reach 80% during month-end reporting, with up to 16 cores utilized. RAM usage could peak at 256GB during heavy real-time analytics processing. Storage usage is projected to peak at 100TB due to high-frequency transactional data and backups."

8. Growth Projections and Resource Expansion

What is the expected rate of growth for CPU, RAM, and storage over the next 1-3 years?
- Description: Provide estimates for resource growth over the next 1 to 3 years based on expected business expansion, transaction volume growth, or application enhancements.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "We expect CPU usage to grow by 20% annually as the number of concurrent users increases. RAM usage is anticipated to grow by 15% per year, mainly due to the increasing complexity of queries and reporting workloads. Storage is projected to grow by 25% annually, driven by a combination of transaction data, backup growth, and new features added to the application."

9. Performance and Load Testing

Have you conducted any performance/load testing to determine the infrastructure requirements?
- Description: Provide details on any testing done to validate the estimated capacity needs, including testing methodologies (e.g., load testing, stress testing) and results.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "Yes, we conducted performance testing using load simulation tools to replicate the expected user load and transaction volumes. The tests were designed to stress the system with peak transaction rates and concurrent users. We also conducted stress testing to identify potential bottlenecks, which helped us size the CPU, RAM, and storage requirements appropriately."

10. Oracle Database Features and Impact on EXADATA

Are you using any Oracle-specific features (e.g., Oracle RAC, Exadata storage optimizations, Oracle Data Guard, etc.) to optimize database performance?
- Description: Identify any Oracle features that are expected to impact the database infrastructure, particularly in terms of resource usage on EXADATA.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "Yes, we are using Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) for high availability and load balancing, which will distribute the workload across multiple EXADATA nodes. We are also leveraging Exadata storage optimizations such as Hybrid Columnar Compression (HCC) to reduce the storage footprint and improve query performance. Additionally, we will implement Oracle Data Guard for disaster recovery."

11. Impact on EXADATA

How will you mitigate the impact of the application on EXADATA's resources (CPU, memory, and storage)?
- Description: Provide details on how the application is designed to limit excessive resource consumption on EXADATA, such as through query optimization, load balancing, and using Exadata-specific features.
- Expected Output Sample:
  "To mitigate impact, we will ensure that all queries are optimized, particularly complex joins and subqueries. Additionally, we will utilize partitioning to improve query performance on large tables. Connection pooling will limit the number of concurrent database connections, reducing memory overhead. We will also leverage Exadata's Flash Cache for faster access to frequently queried data, ensuring minimal impact on storage performance."

Summary of Output Samples

Question	Expected Output
What is this application about?	CRM system for sales and customer data tracking.
What type of transactions?	Order placement, payment processing, inventory updates, report generation.
How will you limit impact on EXADATA?	Connection pooling, SQL query optimization, use of Oracle RAC, data partitioning.
Will you use connection pooling?	Yes, using Oracle's UCP to manage connections efficiently.
How did you determine capacity?	Load testing, transaction volume simulation, historical data analysis.
Where did the CPU, RAM, and storage come from?	Benchmarks, performance data from legacy system, storage growth rate estimates.
Peak CPU usage?	80% during month-end, using 16 cores.
Growth projections?	CPU: 20% growth, RAM: 15%, Storage: 25% annually.
Did you conduct load testing?	Yes, using simulation tools to stress-test with peak users and transaction rates.
Oracle features impacting EXADATA?	RAC for load balancing, Exadata optimizations (HCC, Flash Cache).

source /x/home/oracle/.profile

#read -p "enter PDB name:" pdb
#export PDB=$pdb 

select_pdb() {
  local pdb_list=($(sqlplus -s "/ as sysdba" <<EOF | grep -E '^[[:alnum:]]+$'
SET PAGESIZE 0 FEEDBACK OFF VERIFY OFF HEADING OFF ECHO OFF
SELECT name FROM v\$pdbs WHERE name NOT IN ('CDB\$ROOT', 'PDB\$SEED');
EXIT;
EOF
))

  pdb_count=${#pdb_list[@]}

  if [ $pdb_count -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "No PDBs available."
    exit 1
  elif [ $pdb_count -eq 1 ]; then
    PDB_NAME=${pdb_list[0]}
    echo "Using PDB: $PDB_NAME"
  else
    echo "Available PDBs:"
    for i in "${!pdb_list[@]}"; do
      echo "$((i+1)). ${pdb_list[$i]}"
    done
    read -p "Select the PDB to connect to (1-${pdb_count}): " pdb_choice
    PDB_NAME=${pdb_list[$((pdb_choice-1))]}
  fi

  export PDB=$PDB_NAME
  echo "Connecting to PDB: $PDB_NAME"
}

# use this code in other scripts as needed
select_pdb

# Checking again to make sure PDB is set or not
if [ -z "$PDB_NAME" ]; then
    echo "No PDB selected. Exiting..."
    exit 1
fi

==

#!/bin/bash
#Understood. Below is an enhanced version of the script that includes the calculation of maximum capacity, current capacity, and available capacity with a buffer. This script assumes you have predefined maximum capacities for CPU, IOPS, QPS, TPS, and sessions.


# Oracle environment variables
#export ORACLE_SID=your_oracle_sid
#export ORACLE_HOME=/path/to/your/oracle_home
#export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH

# Database credentials
#DB_USER="your_db_user"
#DB_PASS="your_db_password"

# Temporary file to store SQL output
SQL_OUTPUT="/tmp/db_capacity_analysis.txt"

# Predefined maximum capacities
MAX_CPU_UTILIZATION=60  # in percentage
MAX_IOPS=500000         # in IOPS
MAX_QPS=200000          # in QPS
MAX_TPS=200000          # in TPS
MAX_SESSIONS=10000      # in sessions

# Buffer percentage
BUFFER_PERCENTAGE=15

# Function to get current CPU utilization
get_cpu_utilization() {
  sar -u 1 5 | grep "Average" | awk '{print $3 + $5}'
}

# Function to get current IOPS
get_iops() {
  iostat -dx 1 5 | grep -A 1 "Device" | tail -n 1 | awk '{print $2}'
}

# Function to get current QPS and TPS
get_qps_tps() {
  sqlplus -s $DB_USER/$DB_PASS <<EOF > $SQL_OUTPUT
SET PAGESIZE 0 FEEDBACK OFF VERIFY OFF HEADING OFF ECHO OFF
SELECT SUM(value) FROM v\$sysstat WHERE name = 'execute count';
SELECT SUM(value) FROM v\$sysstat WHERE name = 'user commits' OR name = 'user rollbacks';
EXIT;
EOF
  QPS=$(sed -n '1p' $SQL_OUTPUT)
  TPS=$(sed -n '2p' $SQL_OUTPUT)
  echo "$QPS $TPS"
}

# Function to get current session count
get_session_count() {
  sqlplus -s $DB_USER/$DB_PASS <<EOF > $SQL_OUTPUT
SET PAGESIZE 0 FEEDBACK OFF VERIFY OFF HEADING OFF ECHO OFF
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM v\$session WHERE type = 'USER';
EXIT;
EOF
  cat $SQL_OUTPUT
}

# Function to get current IOPS from Oracle
get_oracle_iops() {
  sqlplus -s $DB_USER/$DB_PASS <<EOF > $SQL_OUTPUT
SET PAGESIZE 0 FEEDBACK OFF VERIFY OFF HEADING OFF ECHO OFF
SELECT SUM(value) FROM v\$sysstat WHERE name IN ('physical reads', 'physical writes');
EXIT;
EOF
  cat $SQL_OUTPUT
}

# Main function to gather all metrics and calculate capacities
gather_metrics() {
  echo "Gathering database capacity metrics..."

  # Get current metrics
  CURRENT_CPU_UTILIZATION=$(get_cpu_utilization)
  CURRENT_IOPS=$(get_iops)
  read CURRENT_QPS CURRENT_TPS <<< $(get_qps_tps)
  CURRENT_SESSIONS=$(get_session_count)
  CURRENT_ORACLE_IOPS=$(get_oracle_iops)

  # Calculate available capacities with buffer
  BUFFER=$(echo "scale=2; $BUFFER_PERCENTAGE / 100" | bc)
  AVAILABLE_CPU_UTILIZATION=$(echo "scale=2; $MAX_CPU_UTILIZATION * (1 - $BUFFER) - $CURRENT_CPU_UTILIZATION" | bc)
  AVAILABLE_IOPS=$(echo "scale=2; $MAX_IOPS * (1 - $BUFFER) - $CURRENT_IOPS" | bc)
  AVAILABLE_QPS=$(echo "scale=2; $MAX_QPS * (1 - $BUFFER) - $CURRENT_QPS" | bc)
  AVAILABLE_TPS=$(echo "scale=2; $MAX_TPS * (1 - $BUFFER) - $CURRENT_TPS" | bc)
  AVAILABLE_SESSIONS=$(echo "scale=2; $MAX_SESSIONS * (1 - $BUFFER) - $CURRENT_SESSIONS" | bc)
  AVAILABLE_ORACLE_IOPS=$(echo "scale=2; $MAX_IOPS * (1 - $BUFFER) - $CURRENT_ORACLE_IOPS" | bc)

  # Print results
  echo "Max Capacity for Apps:"
  echo "CPU Utilization: $MAX_CPU_UTILIZATION%"
  echo "IOPS: $MAX_IOPS"
  echo "QPS: $MAX_QPS"
  echo "TPS: $MAX_TPS"
  echo "Sessions: $MAX_SESSIONS"

  echo "Current Capacity of Apps:"
  echo "CPU Utilization: $CURRENT_CPU_UTILIZATION%"
  echo "IOPS: $CURRENT_IOPS"
  echo "QPS: $CURRENT_QPS"
  echo "TPS: $CURRENT_TPS"
  echo "Sessions: $CURRENT_SESSIONS"

  echo "Available Capacity with $BUFFER_PERCENTAGE% Buffer:"
  echo "CPU Utilization: $AVAILABLE_CPU_UTILIZATION%"
  echo "IOPS: $AVAILABLE_IOPS"
  echo "QPS: $AVAILABLE_QPS"
  echo "TPS: $AVAILABLE_TPS"
  echo "Sessions: $AVAILABLE_SESSIONS"
  echo "Oracle IOPS: $AVAILABLE_ORACLE_IOPS"

  echo "Metrics gathering complete."
}

# Run the main function
gather_metrics
Explanation:
Environment Variables: Set the Oracle environment variables (ORACLE_SID, ORACLE_HOME, and PATH).
Database Credentials: Define the database user and password.
Temporary File: Create a temporary file to store SQL output.
Predefined Maximum Capacities: Define the maximum capacities for CPU utilization, IOPS, QPS, TPS, and sessions.
Buffer Percentage: Define the buffer percentage to be used in capacity calculations.
Functions:
get_cpu_utilization: Uses sar to get current CPU utilization.
get_iops: Uses iostat to get current IOPS.
get_qps_tps: Uses sqlplus to get current QPS and TPS from Oracle.
get_session_count: Uses sqlplus to get the current session count.
get_oracle_iops: Uses sqlplus to get current IOPS from Oracle.
Main Function: Gathers current metrics, calculates available capacities with the buffer, and prints the results.
Usage:
Save the script to a file, e.g., db_capacity_analysis.sh.
Make the script executable: chmod +x db_capacity_analysis.sh.
Run the script: ./db_capacity_analysis.sh.
Ensure you replace placeholders like your_oracle_sid, your_oracle_home, your_db_user, and your_db_password with actual values specific to your environment.

collect_files.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Define the output file
output_file="file_structure.txt"

# Clear the previous output (if any)
> "$output_file"

# Function to check if a file is a text file (not binary)
is_text_file() {
    # Use the 'file' command to check file type
    file_type=$(file --mime-type -b "$1")
    if [[ "$file_type" == text/* ]]; then
        return 0 # It's a text file
    else
        return 1 # It's a binary file
    fi
}

# Function to resolve absolute path in a portable way
get_absolute_path() {
    # If the system is macOS, resolve the absolute path manually
    if [[ "$(uname)" == "Darwin" ]]; then
        # Resolve path manually for macOS
        dir_name=$(dirname "$1")
        base_name=$(basename "$1")
        full_path=$(cd "$dir_name" && pwd)/"$base_name"
        echo "$full_path"
    else
        # For Linux or other systems, use realpath or readlink
        realpath "$1" 2>/dev/null || readlink -f "$1"
    fi
}

# Function to traverse directories and collect file info
collect_files() {
    for file in "$1"/*; do
        if [ -d "$file" ]; then
            # It's a directory, recursively call the function
            collect_files "$file"
        elif [ -f "$file" ]; then
            # It's a file, check if it's a text file
            if is_text_file "$file"; then
                # It's a text file, collect its details
                file_name=$(basename "$file")
                # Resolve absolute path in a portable way
                file_path=$(get_absolute_path "$file")
                file_content=$(cat "$file")
                echo "File: $file_name" >> "$output_file"
                echo "Path: $file_path" >> "$output_file"
                echo "Content:" >> "$output_file"
                echo "$file_content" >> "$output_file"
                echo "----------------------" >> "$output_file"
            else
                echo "Skipping binary file: $file" >> "$output_file"
            fi
        fi
    done
}

# Start from the current directory
collect_files "."

echo "File structure saved to $output_file."

Script 2: rebuild_files.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Define the input file (file structure)
input_file="file_structure.txt"

# Check if the input file exists
if [ ! -f "$input_file" ]; then
    echo "Error: File structure file not found!"
    exit 1
fi

# Function to rebuild the file structure
rebuild_files() {
    while IFS= read -r line; do
        if [[ "$line" =~ ^File:\ (.*) ]]; then
            file_name="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
        elif [[ "$line" =~ ^Path:\ (.*) ]]; then
            file_path="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
        elif [[ "$line" =~ ^Content:$ ]]; then
            # Start reading file content
            content=""
            while IFS= read -r content_line && [[ ! "$content_line" =~ ^---------------------- ]]; do
                content="$content$content_line"$'\n'
            done
            # Create directory if it doesn't exist
            dir_name=$(dirname "$file_path")
            mkdir -p "$dir_name"
            # Create the file and write content
            echo -n "$content" > "$file_path"
            echo "Recreated file: $file_path"
        fi
    done < "$input_file"
}

# Rebuild files and directories
rebuild_files

echo "File structure rebuilt from $input_file."

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Function to display usage
usage() {
    echo "Usage: $0 [--test]"
    echo " --test: Run in test mode (no changes will be made)"
    exit 1
}

# Function to lock a user account
lock_user() {
    local user=$1
    echo "Locking user account: $user"
    passwd -l "$user"
}

# Function to remove a user
remove_user() {
    local user=$1
    echo "Removing user: $user"
    userdel "$user"
}

# Function to create a home directory
create_home_directory() {
    local user=$1
    local home_dir=$2
    echo "Creating home directory: $home_dir for user: $user"
    mkdir -p "$home_dir"
    chown "$user:$user" "$home_dir"
    chmod 750 "$home_dir"
}

# Function to fix home directory permissions and ownership
fix_home_directory() {
    local user=$1
    local home_dir=$2
    local mask=0027
    local max_mode=$(printf "%o" $((0777 & ~mask)))

    # Check ownership
    local owner=$(stat -c "%U" "$home_dir")
    if [ "$owner" != "$user" ]; then
        echo "Fixing ownership for $home_dir (current owner: $owner, new owner: $user)"
        chown "$user:$user" "$home_dir"
    fi

    # Check permissions
    local mode=$(stat -c "%a" "$home_dir")
    if [ $((mode & mask)) -gt 0 ]; then
        echo "Fixing permissions for $home_dir (current mode: $mode, required mode: $max_mode or more restrictive)"
        chmod g-w,o-rwx "$home_dir"
    fi
}

# Function to check if a directory exists and is accessible
check_directory() {
    local dir=$1
    if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
        if [ -r "$dir" ] && [ -w "$dir" ] && [ -x "$dir" ]; then
            echo "Directory exists and is accessible: $dir"
            return 0
        else
            echo "Directory exists but is not fully accessible: $dir"
            return 1
        fi
    else
        echo "Directory does not exist: $dir"
        return 2
    fi
}

# Main script
main() {
    local test_mode=false
    if [ "$1" == "--test" ]; then
        test_mode=true
        echo "Running in TEST mode. No changes will be made."
    fi

    # Get valid shells
    local valid_shells=$(awk -F: '/^\// {print $1}' /etc/shells | paste -sd '|')

    # Get local interactive users and their home directories
    local users=()
    while read -r user home; do
        users+=("$user $home")
    done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"

    # Process each user
    for entry in "${users[@]}"; do
        local user=$(echo "$entry" | awk '{print $1}')
        local home=$(echo "$entry" | awk '{print $2}')

        echo "Processing user: $user with home directory: $home"

        if [ -z "$home" ]; then
            echo "Home directory is undefined for user: $user"
            if [ "$test_mode" == false ]; then
                # Follow local site policy (e.g., lock account, remove user, or create directory)
                lock_user "$user"
                # remove_user "$user"
                # create_home_directory "$user" "/home/$user"
            fi
        else
            # Check if the home directory exists and is accessible
            check_directory "$home"
            local dir_status=$?
            case $dir_status in
                0)
                    echo "Home directory exists and is accessible for user: $user"
                    if [ "$test_mode" == false ]; then
                        fix_home_directory "$user" "$home"
                    fi
                    ;;
                1)
                    echo "Home directory exists but is not fully accessible for user: $user"
                    if [ "$test_mode" == false ]; then
                        # Fix permissions or take other actions as per site policy
                        chmod 750 "$home"
                        chown "$user:$user" "$home"
                    fi
                    ;;
                2)
                    echo "Home directory does not exist for user: $user"
                    if [ "$test_mode" == false ]; then
                        # Follow local site policy (e.g., lock account, remove user, or create directory)
                        lock_user "$user"
                        # remove_user "$user"
                        # create_home_directory "$user" "$home"
                    fi
                    ;;
            esac
        fi
    done
}

# Parse arguments
if [ "$1" == "--help" ]; then
    usage
fi

# Run the script
main "$@"

===

Sunday, December 11, 2011

RAC configuration requirements

1. ORACLE_SID (Oracle System Identifier)

2. DB_NAME (Database Name)

3. DB_UNIQUE_NAME (Database Unique Name)

Key Differences

Example Scenario

Single-Instance Database

Oracle Data Guard Setup

Oracle RAC Setup

How to Check These Values

Summary

When Can They Be Equal?

When Are They Different?

Example 1: Oracle RAC

Example 2: Oracle Data Guard

Example 3: Multiple Databases on the Same Server

Key Differences

How to Check These Values

Summary

Database and Application Information Questionnaire[Project Name / Application Name]

1. Data Volume and Growth

2. Data Access Patterns

3. Data Retention and Archiving

4. Response Time and Performance

5. Query and Data Access

6. Data Migration and Integration

7. Database Transactions and Load

8. Current Technology and Architecture

9. Application Criticality and Availability

10. Security and Compliance

11. Future Growth and Scalability

Additional Considerations

Database Failover and High Availability:

Backup and Recovery Requirements:

Compliance and Auditing:

1. Data Volume and Growth

2. Data Access Patterns

3. Data Retention and Archiving

4. Response Time and Performance

5. Query and Data Access

6. Data Migration and Integration

7. Database Transactions and Load

8. Current Technology and Architecture

9. Application Criticality and Availability

10. Security and Compliance

11. Future Growth and Scalability

Additional Considerations

1. Application Overview

2. Transaction Types and Characteristics

3. Limiting Impact on EXADATA

4. Use of Connection Pooling

5. Determination of Capacity

6. CPU, RAM, and Storage Requirements Sources

7. Peak Resource Usage

8. Growth Projections and Resource Expansion

9. Performance and Load Testing

10. Oracle Database Features and Impact on EXADATA

11. Impact on EXADATA

Summary of Output Samples

No comments:

1. `ORACLE_SID` (Oracle System Identifier)

2. `DB_NAME` (Database Name)

3. `DB_UNIQUE_NAME` (Database Unique Name)